Income tax rates vary by pay brackets, the basic deductions are for the NHS (National Health Service, like Medicare) and Employment Insurance (Unemployement Insurance), some employers offer private health care plans, these would be deducted as well.
Also, if you start work in the
UK before your NIN (National Insurance Number) kicks in, you will be taxed at a higher "emergency tax" rate until your employer inputs your NIN number & details onto your pay. You will then recieve a refund of overpayment on
taxes either the next pay or two pay later if the employer is on the ball. Most employers here seem to pay on a monthly basis, so its best to plan around that.
The nice thing about working in the UK is that income tax (for the most part) is not dealt with by the employee. It is the responsibility of your employer & the govt to sort out any mistakes & repay or deduct you, you can claim additional rebates etc but for me (unmaried adult no kids) I've never had to contact the tax office, its all been handled between my employers & the tax offices (Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs or HMRC, Previously called the Inland Revenue)
Here's their website if you want to have a look at the rates & pay brackets etc:
http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/