individual with Canadian Corp. doing contractor in U.S.

Hi I am hoping anyone in this forum could help coz I need to feedback an agent urgently :

I corporated a business in Canada doing contractor jobs. Recently I'm trying to locate a contractor job in U.S. to join my wife who is working there as a TN visa holder. My question is if I can still use my Canadian business to sign a Corp-2-Corp contract with a U.S. agency. If so, can I apply for a TN visa through this contract? I am assuming I need to apply for EIN to file the tax to U.S., in which case our tax home would be Canada and we both need to file Canadian tax in the future?

Any answer/suggestion will be greatly appreciated!

as above

Or anyone could suggest me a source for these questions?

It's very important you do not move your tax home to the US in this situation, NEVER file a regular 1040 return. If you do your tax home moves to the US and you become subject to departure tax, plus your CCPC loses it's CCPC status and becomes subject to the full rate of Canadian corporation tax.

Your Canadian corporation can file for an EIN and do US withholding, it's pretty complex obviously. I'm not sure there's any point though (except to claim your salary against US corporation tax), you can still pay yourself in Canada through the corporation, however if you do it that way you still have to declare your pay on your US 1040NR return and pay US taxes on income earned on work performed while you were in the US. Then you claim a foreign tax credit in Canada with your T1.

The corporation will need to file an 1120-F return with the IRS every year and needs to make a tax treaty claim on Form 8833 so that your US client does not have to do non-resident tax withholding. I think you have to file a Form 8233 every year with the client as well to inform them of your tax treaty claim but I'm not sure if Form 8233 is used for corporations or whether you just give them a copy of the 8833, maybe there is another form.

Your corporation will be taxed on US-source income at US corporation tax rates, which is why it is not a terribly good idea to do it this way. However it does avoid having to set up an EIN and do all the US withholding, etc. to run it through the Canadian corporation. But you can't deduct Canadian salaries from the US corporation tax so that balls it up right there (at least I don't think you can).

Any tax the corporation pays can get a foreign tax credit in Canada using T2 schedule 21, but because the CCPC rate is so much lower you will not recover the full amount of tax paid in the US (unless you can defer it to future years but I don't think you can).

Getting an EIN for the Canadian corporation will be horrendously complex for other reasons, i.e. it will have to do non-resident alien withholding tax if you spend more than 90 days in the US or earn more than $10,000 (this is because of the tax treaty), which is a non-standard way of withholding tax obviously which makes the W-9 and W-4 more complex and the withholding rates are different.

To cut a long story short you are basically walking onto a bed of nails.

The better idea is to not use the corporation you have at all, and simply be directly employed by the US employer. Then you file a 1040NR and an 8833 every year to pay US tax and claim a closer connection to Canada (which you will have to because of your CCPC). On your W-4 when you start work you declare that you are a non-resident alien, so the only wrinkle is that your employer's accountant might be a bit miffed by that as it requires they do extra paperwork.

Then you claim a foreign tax credit in Canada on your T1 for any income tax you pay in the US - however as Social Security tax is way higher than CPP deductions in Canada bear in mind you can't claim that as a tax credit. You will have to pay social security taxes in the US AND you end up paying the full amount of income tax in Canada. At least that's how it works out in the end after you add it all up. You may also have to claim a provincial foreign tax credit for any State income tax you pay in the US.

If you plan on staying in the US for a long time and the corporation will essentially be defunct, you may want to reduce the value of it so that departure tax is not an issue - departure tax is a 25% capital gains tax on any capital gain over $50,000, so if you started your corp. from zero and it's currently valued at say, $120,000, you have to pay 25% of $70,000 to the CRA when you leave. And that assumes your CCPC is the only asset you have subject to departure tax.

Bear in mind also that in TN-1 status you have to maintain "non-immigrant intent", if you move your tax home to the US, the IRS considers you resident in the US and that may cause problems with your immigration status.

Read this: http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pub/tg/p151/

Also read IRS publication 519, the instructions for Form 1040NR and 1120-F, and pages 22-26 of publication 515.

Bear in mind also the tax treaty has recently changed, however if all the work you do is performed in one country or the other there is essentially no change. Publication 597 explains the treaty but it's out-of-date.

Thank you for the informaion, Steve!
I do plan to stay in U.S. for a while. If thing's like what you said, can the money of $50,000 in my corp. be transferred to my pocket without any tax in case I terminate the corp. and pay 25% tax on the rest? Then can both my wife and I apply for non-tax resident of Canada to avoid the higher tax rate (I know some TNs are doing this)? Will the application of non-tax resident affect the approval of TN visa later?

Thanks again!

No, you have to pay income tax on it. Which is always the problem, no matter how to do it you get taxed. However if you leave $50,000 in the corporation (and it's your only asset subject to departure tax) it doesn't matter if the corp. loses CCPC status, if there's no income to the corporation then there is no corporation tax, and then you just pay out the $50,000 over time so you don't pay much tax.

The only real advantage is that you can stop doing payroll withholding once your corp. has no income and pay out the remaining funds as a dividend (as there is no corp. income, there is no corp. income tax to offset at that point). Then there is no CPP contribution either. Plus if it's a dividend then you don't have to worry about EINs and all that guff if you're in the US at that point.

But you still have to put it down on your tax return and pay income tax on it, obviously.

Once you're reduced your departure tax taxable assets to a capital gain of less than $50,000 then it isn't a great problem money-wise to move your tax home to the US, however like I said above, if you do that then technically you are saying to the IRS you are resident in the US, which is not consistent with maintaining "bona-fide non-immigrant intent" for TN-1. Certainly people do it but it could be a problem.

The other problem is the paperwork involved in moving your tax home to the US and then back again at some other point, there are various threads on here about it but the number of forms to fill out is huge. You can substantially reduce it by moving your tax home on January 1st, and simply file as resident in Canada and non-resident in the US for the last few months of the year, and then vice versa when you move back.

My usual advice is to only do it if you are certain you are going to save substantial amounts of money that way, i.e. enough to pay a good cross-border (i.e. Canadian) accountant to double-check the paperwork.

Steve,

Are you suggesting it's better to work as an employee of the company instead of going into a corp to corp agreement with the company?

Are you suggesting this even after all of the business deductions you can gain by going into a corp to corp agreement that you would get as an employee?

As a corporate deduction you could deduct
1) Meals/Entertainment
2) Travel to client site
3) Accomodations - seeing as this is not your primary residence (USA) and you are using this place soleley in a business agreement, your corp would write the entire accommodation cost as busienss expense. You can't do any of this if the work arrangement is an employment arrangement.

Steve - let me know if you still think it's better to go in as an employee given these write offs? I'd also like to know because I don't know. As a contractor myself, I know working in Canada is better tax wise when working as a business or self employed person or contractor. My taxes are always higher whenever I am an employee.

I'd like to know your thoughts. It might help me determine any potential things I may be missing here.

! would choose corp-to-corp 100% of the time, espcecially if you continue to live in canada. there is absolutely no advantage to being a Cdn employee of a US firm unless it is to live in US.

What if you are living in the US temporarily in order to fill the contract. Ex) For 3 months only.